the action or result of …的行为（或结果） criticism 批评
the state or quality of …的状态（或品质） heroism 英勇
the teaching, system or movement of …的教义（或体系、运动） Buddhism 佛教
unfair treatment or feelings of hate for the reason mentioned 因…的不公平对待（或敌意） racism 种族偏见
a feature of language of the type mentioned …语言特点 an Americanism 美式英语的特点 a colloquialism 口语体
a medical condition or disease 健康状况；疾病 alcoholism 酒精中毒
Word Originfrom French -isme, via Latin from Greek -ismos, -isma.